Propagation modelling for indoor wireless communication

It is important to characterise the indoor radio propagation channel to ensure satisfactory performance of a wireless communication system. Site measurements can be costly; propagation models have been developed as a suitable low-cost alternative. The existing models can be classified into two major classes: statistical models and site-specific propagation models. Statistical models rely on measurement data; site-specific propagation models are based on electromagnetic wave propagation theory. The ray-tracing technique is very useful in site-specific propagation modelling. This paper gives an overview of indoor propagation modelling and concentrates on a discussion of the ray-tracing modelling technique because of its practical appeal and its applicability to any environment

Website: https://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

Crowd monitoring using image processing

The understanding of crowd behaviour in semi-confined spaces is an important part of the design of new pedestrian facilities, for major layout modifications to existing areas and for the daily management of sites-subject to crowd traffic. Conventional manual measurement techniques are not suitable for comprehensive data collection of patterns of site occupation and movement. Real-time monitoring is tedious and tiring, but safety-critical. This paper presents some image processing techniques being developed at King's College London which, using existing closed-circuit television systems, can support both data collection and on-line monitoring of crowds. The application of these methods could lead to a better understanding of crowd behaviour, improved design of the built environment and increased pedestrian safety

Website: https://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

Characterisation of propagation in 60 GHz radio channels

Narrowband as well as wideband measurements have been performed in various indoor and outdoor environments in order to enable the development of reliable prediction models for 60 GHz radio channels. In addition, results of deterministic modelling on the basis of geometric ray-tracing have been compared with measurement results, showing that simple ray-tracing can be used to estimate both the narrowband and wideband characteristics of a 60 GHz radio channel.

Website: https://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

Passive intermodulation interference in communication systems

In multifrequency communications environments, such as land mobile radio sites, satellite earth stations, ships and surveillance aircraft, passive intermodulation products (PIMP) generated by nonlinear materials and metallic contacts can cause serious radio interference. This problem is well known and a wide range of coaxial cables, connectors and materials have been investigated. The paper gives an overview of passive intermodulation interference in communication systems. It describes briefly the theory of intermodulation, types of passive nonlinearities, mechanisms responsible for the generation of PIMP, guidelines for minimising PIMP generation and techniques for locating PIMP sources.

Website: https://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

PCB design techniques for lowest-cost EMC compliance

Application of good EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) practices to the design of printed circuit boards (PCBs) usually helps to achieve the EMC performance required of equipment and systems at much lower cost than alternative EMC measures at higher levels of integration, such as whole-product shielding. EMC design is a complex topic, but the proven best EMC practices for generalised PCB layout can be fairly simply stated and grouped into five techniques, which interact with each other to give dramatic improvements in EMC performance.

Website: https://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

Analysis on the Basis of Volterra Series Signal–To–Noise Ratio of Nonlinear Device in the Conditions of the Stochastic Resonance Effect

In modern conditions the problem of providing of reliable communication of data at presence of interferences is considered one of major problems. Error-correcting codes, optimal filters are created, and are used by the detection method of accumulation, the probabilistic approach to suppressing random disturbances. etc. [1,2,3].

At the same time, researches by physicists at the end of the XX century [2], resulted in paradoxical conclusions. The noise on the input of the nonlinear systems possessing the effect of the so-called stochastic resonance (SR), allows to stand out a weak (as compared to the noise) signal from additive signal–noise mixture. The SR effect characterizes the response of the nonlinear system on a weak input signal. Thus data-output of the nonlinear system, such as an amplification factor and signal-to-noise ratio, at certain terms have the distinctly expressed maximum [4,5].

Website:  http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Effects of Distributed Generation on System Power Losses and Voltage Profiles

Although it is considered that DG reduces losses and improves system voltage profile, this paper shows that this is usually true. The paper presents voltage stability index based approach which utilizes combine sensitivity factor analogy to optimally locate and size a multi-type DG in 48-bus Belin distribution test system with the aim of reducing power losses and improving the voltage profile. The multi-type DG can operate as; type 1 DG (DG generating real power only), and type 2 DG (DG generating both real and reactive power). It further shows that the system losses are reduced and the voltage profile improved with the location of type 2 DG than with the location of type 1 DG. It reaches a point where any further increase in number of DGs in the network results for minimizing power losses and voltage profiles improvement.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Short-term Electrical Energy Consumption Forecasting Using GMDH-type Neural Network

and higher productivity in any academic institution. Federal University of Technology Minna like many other institutions of learning in a developing country like Nigeria is faced with inadequate electricity supply. In addition, the demand for electricity in Gidan Kwano campus of Federal University of Technology Minna has increased rapidly due to the growing population, increased infrastructure and social conditions in the university. To address the shortage of electricity in the university, large investment is required. Accurate load forecasting will ensure that these INVESTMENTS do not waste and at the same time help distribute electricity effectively in the university campus. It will also uncover inefficiencies in the system as well as determine where savings can be made. When load forecasting is not accurately done, it will lead to improper planning and sizing of the network.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

A Wideband Directional Microstrip Slot Antenna for On-Body Applications

Antennas are one of the main components of every wireless telecommunication system. With wideband antennas for on-body applications, there are some additional features that should be considered including radiation and physical size. In this paper, we presented a wideband omnidirectional slot antenna with a reflector element improvised under the feed line in order to minimize the impact of body on the antenna. Curiously, this reflector element allows for directionality of the antenna. In the following sections of the paper we will show that less power can penetrate body tissues in the presence of reflector elements; thus, wideband directional antennas are influenced less by human body than omindirectional antenna.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Combined Effect of Block interleaving and FEC on BER Performance of OFDM based WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d) System

WiMAX known as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a wireless digital communications system designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. It is also known as IEEE 802.16 that is intended for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN). WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) typically 50 km for fixed stations, and 5 - 15 km for mobile stations. Whereas in contrast, the Wi-Fi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 30 – 100 m. WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX can be used to provide a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for broadband access, and to provide high-speed data and telecommunications services.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

AFLISR Algorithm Distribution Reliability Fault

Advanced Fault Location Isolation and Supply Restoration (AFLISR) is describing as the smart brain at the control center, using remotely controllable devices to execute the smart decisions. AFLISR application can improve reliability intensely deprived of compromising safety and asset protection. AFLISR systems that automatically detect faults, isolate the impaired portion of the feeder, and restore as plentiful facility as conceivable within seconds as part of their strategy to accomplish a “self-healing” grid. One problem with these systems is that service restoration is often blocked due to heavy loading on backup feeders. The next generation of automatic restoration systems will yield improvement of further advanced control services that are existence installed as part of the smart grid. After encountering a load transfer limit, the automatic restoration system may initiate schedules to free up capacity on the pretentious feeders so enabling the load transfer to continue. Capacity issue strategies can embrace instigation of petition response schedules, initiation of CVR, and impermanent reduction of fast charging actions for electric vehicles.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Simple Mathematical Model for Ferromagnetic Core Inductance and Experimental Validation

Magnetic materials are used in electrical power devices such as transformers, motors and generators. They are also present in measurement and control of electrical power for actuators and sensors, contactors and relays. Another application field is found to be in the magnetic recording industry, either by analog or digital, as in audio and video recording or in the storage of data information on magnetic disks and tapes for computer applications. The purpose of a magnetic material core in an inductor is to produce by a given applied field, a higher flux compared to the flux produced in air, and to form a magnetic path for the flux.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Synchronization of Diffusively Coupled Oscillators: Theory and Experiment

There are several methods for synchronizing chaotic oscillators described in literature [12-17][12]. The simplest one employs the feedback in the form of linear difference between the output of the transmitter and the output of the receiver . The difference signal  when applied with a certain weight  to an appropriate input of the receiver synchronizes the latter to the transmitter [16]. Although there are many papers describing global synchronization of a network of coupled oscillators, less attention has been devoted to experimental results for bidirectional coupled systems.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Security Constrained Economic Environmental Dispatch through Fuzzy Based Gravitational Search Algorithm

The solution of nonlinear economic environmental load dispatch is to generate optimal amount of generating power from the fossil fuel based generating units in the system by minimizing the fuel cost and emission level simultaneously by satisfying all practical constraints. But, the objective of minimum cost of generation will not provide minimum pollution level and objective of minimum emission does not provide minimum cost of generation, which make both the objectives as non-commensurable and conflicting each other. Hence, they give rise to a set of optimal solutions instead of one optimal solution. The present situation demands to handle both objectives namely, economic dispatch and environmental emission as competing objectives and therefore, are to be solved simultaneously.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Economic Selection of Generators for a Wind Farm

The selection suitable generator for wind turbines will be done based on technical criteria and priorities of the project. In this paper, a method for determining the type of wind turbine generator with an example is explained. In the paper, for a 10kW wind turbine, two generators have been proposed. The first case is a squirrel-cage asynchronous generator coupled to the turbine through the gearbox and directly connected to three phase output. Other PM generators that are directly coupled to the turbine and it is connected to the grid using the inverter. The results show that according to wind conditions, a 10kW permanent magnet generator is more advantageous in terms of energy production.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Study on the Impact of Grid Harmonic Voltage on SVG and the Suppression

Industrial Static Var Generator (SVG) is typically applied at or near the load center to mitigate voltage fluctuation, flicker, phase unbalance, non-sine distortion or other load-related disturbance. Special attention is paid to the influence of grid harmonic on SVG current, the harmonic grid voltage causes not only the AC current distortion but also the DC voltage fluctuation. The harmonic voltage decomposition algorithm and DC voltage control are also introduced. All these analyses can guide the practical applications. The simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the present control strategy and analyses.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Performance of FACTS Devices for Power System Stability

When a power grid is connected to an induction type wind electric generator (WEG), when there is variation in load and wind speed, grid voltage also vary. In this paper, we study what is the impact when there is a variation of load and wind by variation of real power and reactive power consumed by WEG effect of load and wind speed variations on real power supplied and reactive power consumed by the WEG as well as voltage on the grid are studied. The voltage variation in the grid is controlled by reactive power compensation using shunt connected Static VAR Compensator (SVC) comprising Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) and Fixed Capacitor (FC). With the help of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), TCR is operated automatically.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Performance and Analysis of Reactive Power Compensation by Unified Power Flow Controller

The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most versatile of the FACTS controllers envisaged so far. The main function of the UPFC is to control the flow of real and reactive power by injection of a voltage in series with the transmission line. Both the magnitude and the phase angle of the voltage can be varied independently. Real and Reactive power flow control can allow for power flow in prescribed routes, loading of transmission lines close to their thermal limits and can be utilized for improving transient and small signal stability of the power system. In this paper UPFC is incorporated in a SMIB (Single Machine Infinite Bus) system and the response of SMIB system has been recorded with and without UPFC, thereafter the comparison of both the output has been done. When no UPFC is installed, real and reactive power through the transmission line cannot be controlled. This paper presents control and performance of UPFC intended for installation on that transmission line to control power flow. Installing the UPFC makes it possible to control amount of active power flowing through the line. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB software to validate the performance of the UPFC.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Modelling of A Trust and Reputation Model in Wireless Networks

Security is the major challenge for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The sensor nodes are deployed in non controlled environment, facing the danger of information leakage, adversary attacks and other threats. Trust and Reputation models are solutions for this problem and to identify malicious, selfish and compromised nodes. This paper aims to evaluate varying collusion effect with respect to static (SW), dynamic (DW), static with collusion (SWC), dynamic with collusion (DWC) and oscillating wireless sensor networks to derive the joint resultant of Eigen Trust Model. An attempt has been made for the same by comparing aforementioned networks that are purely dedicated to protect the WSNs from adversary attacks and maintain the security issues. The comparison has been made with respect to accuracy and path length and founded that, collusion for wireless sensor networks seems intractable with the static and dynamic WSNs when varied with specified number of fraudulent nodes in the scenario. Additionally, it consumes more energy and resources in oscillating and collusive environments.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Simulation Analysis of Prototype Filter Bank Multicarrier Cognitive Radio Under Different Performance Parameters

Cognitive Radio has proven as a optimum technique for getting improved spectrum utilization by sharing the radio spectrum with licensed primary users opportunistically. The cognitive radio is a new paradigm to overcome the persisting problem of spectrum underutilization.Seeing the everincreasing demand of wireless applications,the radio sp ectrum is a valuable resource and in cognitive radio systems,trustworthy spectrum sensing techniques are required to avoid any harmful interference to the primary users.As cognitive radio possess the capability to utilise the unused spectrum holes or white spaces so,there is a tremendous need to scan the large range of spectrum either for interference management or for primary receiver detection.Dynamic Spectrum Access techniques need to be implemented for the sake of better radio resource management and computational complexity analysis of multirate filter bank cognitive radio,where BER and Eb/No are the performance metrics or governing parameters to affect the system performance using polyphase filter bank.The present paper deals with the study of effect of variation of number of subchannels M at fix overlapping factor K of polyphase component of Filter Bank Multicarrier cognitive radio in terms of prototype filter length at Lp=K*M .

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Case Study of Various Parameters by Applying Swing Up Control for Inverted Pendulum

This paper investigates behavior of the system in terms of time response e.g., steady state error, rise time & overshoot & then compare it with FLC. Being an unstable system, Inverted Pendulum is very common control problem being assigned to control its dynamics. It is almost impossible to balance a pendulum in the inverted position except applying some force from outside to the system.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Fuzzy Control of Yaw and Roll Angles of a Simulated Helicopter Model Includes Articulated Manipulators

Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is a heuristic method by If-Then Rules which resembles human intelligence and it is a good method for designing Non-linear control systems. In this paper, an arbitrary helicopter model includes articulated manipulators has been simulated with Matlab SimMechanics toolbox. Due to the difficulties of modeling this complex system, a fuzzy controller with simple fuzzy rules has been designed for its yaw and roll angles in order to stabilize the helicopter while it is in the presence of disturbances or its manipulators are moving for a task. Results reveal that a simple FLC can appropriately control this system.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Investigating the effect of fixing the subset length on the performance of ant colony optimization for feature selection for supervised learning

It addresses this concern by investigating: (1) determining the optimal feature subset from datamining perspective, (2) demonstrating the solution convergence in case of fixing the length of the selected feature subsets, (3) determining the subset length in ACO for subset selection problems, and (4) different stopping criteria when solving FS by ACO. Besides, two types of experiments on ACO algorithms for FS for classification and regression problems using artificial and real world datasets in two cases fixing and not fixing the length of the selected feature subsets with the use of a support vector machine. The obtained results showed that not fixing the length of the selected feature subsets is better than fixing the length of the selected feature subsets.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Controller Design for a Modified Quadruple Tank Process via Multi-Level Switching

sliding surface is altered with fractional order dynamics. It makes a Fractional-Order SMC (FrSMC) and is proposed for both finite time convergence and counteract to the uncertainties present in the system. The undesirable chattering effect is reduced by introducing a novel exponential Multi-Level Switching (MLS) technique in order to protect control valve. Simulation results show the efficacy of the proposed Multi-Level Switching FrSMC (MFrSMC) in terms of fast convergence with high robustness when compared to conventional SMC.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Analysis on the Basis of Volterra Series Signal–To–Noise Ratio of Nonlinear Device in the Conditions of the Stochastic Resonance Effect

The numerical simulation of the output signal when exposed to the input of the system of additive mixture harmonic signal and noise with a uniform distribution is given. Analytical relational expressions for signal-to-noise ratio on the output of the nonlinear system are got. The analysis of signal-to-noise ratio is conducted on the output of the nonlinear system depending on the parameters of the input signal and noise. In this paper we have shown the stochastic resonance effect occurs mainly at low frequencies.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Design and Simulation of TCR-TSC in Electric Arc Furnace for Power Quality Improvement at Steel Making Plan

Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs) are unbalanced nonlinear and time varying loads, which can cause many problems in the power system quality. As the use of arc furnace loads increases in industry, the important of the power quality problems also increase. So, in order to optimize the usage of electric power in EAFs, it is necessary to minimize the effect of arc furnace loads on power quality in power systems as much as possible. Therefore, in this paper, design and simulation of an electric plant supplying an arc furnace is considered. Then by considering the high changes of reactive power and voltage flicker of nonlinear furnace load, a thyristor controlled reactor compensation with thyristor switched capacitor (TCR-TSC) are designed and simulated. Finally, simulation results verify the accuracy of the load modeling and show the effectiveness of the proposed TCR-TSC model for reactive power compensating of the EAF. The installation site for this proposed system is No (1) Iron and Steel Mill (Pyin- Oo- Lwin). And data is taken from this Steel Mill. Simulation results will be provided by using MATLAB/ Simulink.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Effects of Distributed Generation on System Power Losses and Voltage Profiles

Although it is considered that DG reduces losses and improves system voltage profile, this paper shows that this is usually true. The paper presents voltage stability index based approach which utilizes combine sensitivity factor analogy to optimally locate and size a multi-type DG in 48-bus Belin distribution test system with the aim of reducing power losses and improving the voltage profile. The multi-type DG can operate as; type 1 DG (DG generating real power only), and type 2 DG (DG generating both real and reactive power). It further shows that the system losses are reduced and the voltage profile improved with the location of type 2 DG than with the location of type 1 DG. It reaches a point where any further increase in number of DGs in the network results for minimizing power losses and voltage profiles improvement.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Short-term Electrical Energy Consumption Forecasting Using GMDH-type Neural Network

Electric load forecasting plays an important role in the planning and operation of the power system for high productivity in any institution of learning. A short-term electrical energy forecast for Gidan Kwano campus, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria was carried out using GMDH-type neural network and the result was compared to that of regression analysis. GMDH-type neural network was used to train and test weekly energy consumed in the campus from September 2010 to December 2014. The neural network was trained using quadratic neural function. Root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were used as performance indices to test the accuracy of the forecast. The neural network model gave a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.1189, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.0922 and a correlation (R) value of 0.8995 while the regression analysis method gave a standard error of 10968.1 and a correlation (R) value of 0.1137. Results obtained show the efficacy of the GMDH-type neural network model in forecasting over the regression analysis method.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

A Wideband Directional Microstrip Slot Antenna for On-Body Applications

Antennas are one of the main components of every WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATION system. With wideband antennas for on-body applications, there are some additional features that should be considered including radiation and physical size. In this paper, we presented a wideband omnidirectional slot antenna with a reflector element improvised under the feed line in order to minimize the impact of body on the antenna. Curiously, this reflector element allows for directionality of the antenna. In the following sections of the paper we will show that less power can penetrate body tissues in the presence of reflector elements; thus, wideband directional antennas are influenced less by human body than omindirectional antenna.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Wind-driven stand-alone six-phase self-excited induction generator transients under different loading conditions

He approach is based on a wind-turbine model, SPSEIG model and detailed transient behaviour of an SPSEIG for stand-alone power generation, when subjected to sudden switching of balanced/unbalanced R, RL and RLC load for both three-phase winding sets. The computer model has been developed in an arbitrary reference frame. In the d–q axis model, the effects of common mutual leakage inductance between the two three-phase winding sets have been included. The simulation results show a good performance from the system under different loading conditions. While the interaction between the two windings is inevitable and variation of load at one winding set changes the operating conditions at the other winding, the situation is still satisfactory for a wide range of rural resistive loads.

Website:http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

A neural network based approach to estimate of power system harmonics for an induction furnace under the different load conditions

The collected data was analyzed with MATLAB program using the short-time Fourier transform and power spectral density estimation methods to find the dominant harmonics of the power system. After determination of the operational region in terms of the harmonic levels under the full-load condition, the power spectral density algorithm was used for determining the stationary intervals of the power system data. Identified harmonic frequencies were used to train the artificial neural network algorithm, which was then tested for harmonic estimation at different load conditions. Hence, the neural network topology was used as a artificial follower. Results demonstrate that harmonic state estimation of a power system can be achieved by an error variation at the output of the auto-associative neural network.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

High performance DTC of induction motor drives over a wide speed range

The switching strategy compares the torque error from a PI torque controller with two triangular waveforms, and then produces a constant switching frequency, which is determined by the frequency of the triangular waveforms and is almost independent of the speed. The gains of PI torque controller are designed based on root-locus plot to guarantee a good convergence of the torque error. In order to examine the performance of the proposed DTC scheme for an induction motor drive, a complete simulation model is developed using MATLAB/Simulink and validated under a wide speed range. The proposed DTC drive is also implemented and tested in real-time using a DSP-DS1102 control board for a prototype 1 KW induction motor. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed DTC drive exhibits a good dynamic and steady state performances with low torque ripples over a wide speed control range.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Combined Effect of Block interleaving and FEC on BER Performance of OFDM based WiMAX System

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access ) is the outcome in this direction which promises to solve the last mile access technology to provide high speed internet access in the residential as well as small and medium sized enterprise sectors. In this paper we have analyzed the effect of Block Interleaving on the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the WiMAX Physical layer baseband system conforming to the parameters established by IEEE 802.16 standards for different digital modulation schemes. From the analysis it was observed that addition of interleaving with forward error correction (FEC) improves the system performance by reducing the burst errors during transmission.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

An Approach for Fast BCD Addition

Binary coded decimal (BCD) can represent decimal numbers 0 to 9 in 4-bit binary equivalents. Figure 1 shows unpacked BCD representations of decimal digits. Unpacked BCD representation allows only one decimal digit per byte. This means that in an unpacked representation of any BCD number the upper four bits are zero. It is possible to pack two decimal digits into a single byte; this is known as packed BCD representation. The value of each 4-bit can range from 0 to 9 although a 4-bit data allows value from 0 to 15. The addition of unpacked or packed BCD numbers follows the general rule of binary addition. If during the addition process an invalid BCD number is produced or a carry is generated then an adjustment is necessary to correct the sum. This is traditionally done by adding 6 to the sum.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

AFLISR Algorithm Distribution Reliability Fault

Advanced Fault Location Isolation and Supply Restoration (AFLISR) is describing as the smart brain at the control center, using remotely controllable devices to execute the smart decisions. AFLISR application can improve reliability intensely deprived of compromising safety and asset protection. AFLISR systems that automatically detect faults, isolate the impaired portion of the feeder, and restore as plentiful facility as conceivable within seconds as part of their strategy to accomplish a “self-healing” grid. One problem with these systems is that service restoration is often blocked due to heavy loading on backup feeders. The next generation of automatic restoration systems will yield improvement of further advanced control services that are existence installed as part of the smart grid. After encountering a load transfer limit, the automatic restoration system may initiate schedules to free up capacity on the pretentious feeders so enabling the load transfer to continue. Capacity issue strategies can embrace instigation of petition response schedules, initiation of CVR, and impermanent reduction of fast charging actions for electric vehicles.

Website:http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Simple Mathematical Model for Ferromagnetic Core Inductance and Experimental Validation

In determining the properties and inductance of ferromagnetic core inductor, hysteresis modeling is of high importance. Many models are available to investigate those characteristics but they tend to be complex and difficult to implement. In this paper, we report a new mathematical model based on the experimental data of hysteresis for ferromagnetic core inductor. The proposed model can restore the hysteresis curve with a little RMS error. We used the model to determine analytically the expression of the current in a RL series circuit forced by an alternating source. A good agreement is found between our theoretical and experimental results.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Synchronization of Diffusively Coupled Oscillators: Theory and Experiment

In this paper complete synchronization of diffusively coupled oscillators is considered. We present the results of both, theoretical and experimental investigations of synchronization between two, three and four almost identical oscillators. The method of linear difference signal has been applied. The corresponding differential equations have been integrated analytically and the synchronization threshold has been found. Hardware experiments have been performed and the measured synchronization error of less than 1% has been determined. Good agreement is found between theoretical and experimental results.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

Design Proposed Features Extraction Recognition System of Latin Handwritten Text Based on 3D-Discrete Multiwavelet Transform

On-line handwriting recognition is the task of determining what letters or words are present in handwritten text. It is of significant benefit to man-machine communication and can assist in the automatic processing of handwritten documents. It is a subtask of the Optical Character Recognition (OCR), whose domain can be machine-print only.The introduced system is a character-based recognition and it is a writer independent system.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

A Bibliography of the Work Done on Externally-Linear-Internally-Nonlinear Circuits

There is a continued demand of analog circuits which are capable of operating at low supply voltages and have low-power consumption and large dynamic range. There are several techniques of designing circuits satisfying such requirements a majority of which fall into the general category of externally-linear-internally-nonlinear (ELIN) circuits. In this paper, we present a bibliography of ELIN circuits which covers log-domain, exponential state-space domain, square root domain and other related circuits, based upon the work done during 1979 to 2014. It is hoped that this compilation (with a brief overview) should be useful to research scholars, educators, students, practicing engineers and anybody who is interested in knowing about the current state-of-the- art of log domain, translinear and square root domain circuits.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electrical-engineering/

SIP-based VoIP network and its interworking with the PSTN

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is considered to be a future powerful alternative to the H.323 standard as the signalling system for the dominant Voice over IP (VoIP) communications. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of SIP by describing the SIP protocol stack, summarising the main features of the protocol, and illustrating its architecture, message and operation. The paper also explains the architecture and the two key aspects of signalling interworking when SIP is interconnected with the PSTN.

Website:  http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

WWRF - the Wireless World Research Forum

Third generation mobile radio systems are currently being deployed in different regions of the world. Future systems beyond the third generation are already under discussion in international bodies and forums such as ITU, WWRF and R&D programmes of the European Union and in other regions. These systems will determine the research and standardisation activities in mobile and wireless communication in the next years. Based on experience of the third generation, future systems will be developed mainly from the user perspective with respect to potential services and applications including traffic demands.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

New ideas in FM radar

FM radars represent one of the oldest and simplest-yet at the same time one of the most versatile types of radar. The author presents a tutorial review of the basic principles of FM radars and introduces a number of new ideas, including digital generation of wideband linear FM waveforms, and aperture synthesis with FM radar

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

Passive intermodulation interference in communication systems

In multifrequency communications environments, such as land mobile radio sites, satellite earth stations, ships and surveillance aircraft, passive intermodulation products (PIMP) generated by nonlinear materials and metallic contacts can cause serious radio interference. This problem is well known and a wide range of coaxial cables, connectors and materials have been investigated. The paper gives an overview of passive intermodulation interference in communication systems. It describes briefly the theory of intermodulation, types of passive nonlinearities, mechanisms responsible for the generation of PIMP, guidelines for minimising PIMP generation and techniques for locating PIMP sources.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

Bluetooth wireless technology in the home

The BluetoothTM wireless technology is a cable replacement technology that exploits the wireless interconnectivity that is possible with radio. Bluetooth chips are already available and early applications include cordless connections from mobile phones to laptop computers and wireless headsets. Even if only 10% of mobile phones and computers were to incorporate Bluetooth chips, then the technology would achieve the critical mass necessary for chip prices to fall below $5 and for the standard to become firmly established in the market-place. It is expected that Bluetooth products will be present in the home, where applications will include: conversion of the humble cellphone to a short-range cordless handset; providing a link from a PC to the Internet; home automation and cable replacement; toys and white goods.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

Characterisation of propagation in 60 GHz radio channels

Narrowband as well as wideband measurements have been performed in various indoor and outdoor environments in order to enable the development of reliable prediction models for 60 GHz radio channels. In addition, results of deterministic modelling on the basis of geometric ray-tracing have been compared with measurement results, showing that simple ray-tracing can be used to estimate both the narrowband and wideband characteristics of a 60 GHz radio channel.

Website: http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/

PCB design techniques for lowest-cost EMC compliance

Application of good EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) practices to the design of printed circuit boards (PCBs) usually helps to achieve the EMC performance required of equipment and systems at much lower cost than alternative EMC measures at higher levels of integration, such as whole-product shielding. EMC design is a complex topic, but the proven best EMC practices for generalised PCB layout can be fairly simply stated and grouped into five techniques, which interact with each other to give dramatic improvements in EMC performance.

Website:  http://www.arjonline.org/engineering/american-research-journal-of-electronics-and-communication-engineering/